A third type of deflationary theory is the disquotational theory which uses a variant form of Tarski's schema: To say that '"P" is true' is to say that P. ![]() She is not describing herself as taking this man. Consider, for example, that when the bride says "I do" at the appropriate time in a wedding, she is performing the act of taking this man to be her lawful wedded husband. The idea that some statements are more actions than communicative statements is not as odd as it may seem. A second example is the performative theory of truth which holds that to say "Snow is white" is true is to perform the speech act of signalling one's agreement with the claim that snow is white (much like nodding one's head in agreement). Thus, to say that "Snow is white" is true is to say nothing more nor less than that snow is white. For example, the redundancy theory of truth holds that to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. ![]() But, deflationists say, statements that seem to predicate truth actually do nothing more than signal agreement with the statement. Since most predicates name properties, we naturally assume that "is true" does as well. The belief that truth is a property is just an illusion caused by the fact that we have the predicate "is true" in our language. Ramsey, also allege that truth is not the name of some property of propositions - some thing about which one could have a theory. (See Semantic paradoxes, and below.) Some variations of the pragmatic theory are classed here, and even many correspondence theorists can be interpreted as (meaning to be) in this camp as well.ĭeflationary theories, after Gottlob Frege and F. The primary theoretical concern of these views is to explain away those special cases where it appears that the concept of truth does have peculiar and interesting properties. These positions are broadly called "deflationary" theories of truth (because the concept has been "deflated" of importance) or "disquotational" theories (to draw attention to the mere "disappearance" of the quotation marks in cases like the above example). They claim that to say "2 + 2 = 4" is true is to say no more than that 2 + 2 = 4, and that there is no more to say about truth than this. Other philosophers reject the idea that truth is a robust concept in this sense. Social constructivism holds that truth is constructed by social processes, and it represents the power struggles within a community.Pragmatism sees truth as the success of the practical consequences of an idea, i.e.The consensus theory holds that truth is whatever is agreed upon, or in some versions, might come to be agreed upon, by some specified group.Usually, coherence is taken to imply something stronger than mere consistency: justification, evidence, and comprehensiveness of the belief set are common restrictions. For example, one of a person's beliefs is true just in case it is coherent with all or most of her other beliefs. The coherence theory sees truth as coherence with some specified set of sentences or, more often, of beliefs.Thus, a sentence is said to be true just in case it expresses a state of affairs in the world. The correspondence theory of truth sees truth as correspondence with objective reality.According to these theories, truth needs explanation and is something about which significant things can be said: Some theories hold in common that truth is a robust (sometimes inflationary) concept. Philosophers and logicians have proposed a number of broad theories about truth, which are now frequently sorted into two camps. On the other hand, many philosophers have claimed that propositions and similar abstract entities are mysterious and provide little explanation surely sentences, or even utterances of sentences, are a more clear-cut and fundamental truth bearer. So plausibly sentences of different languages, such as the ( English) The sky is blue and the ( German) Der Himmel ist blau are both true, for the reason that they express the same proposition. ![]() ![]() All these things (which are parts of a language) are called "true" only if they express, hold, or affirm true propositions. A proposition is the abstract entity which is expressed by a sentence, held in a belief, affirmed in a statement or judgement. These claims are made on the basis of theories about truth such as those discussed below.įor example, propositions are often thought to be the only things that are literally true. Some philosophers exclude one or more of these categories, or argue that some of them are true only in a derivative sense. Propositions, sentences, statements, ideas, beliefs, and judgements are said to be true, and are variously called truth bearers by philosophers.
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